1. Amino acid (amino acid): It is an organic compound containing a basic amino group and an acidic carboxyl group. The amino group is generally attached to the α-carbon. 2. Essential amino acid: Refers to amino acids that humans (or other vertebrates) (lysine, threonine, etc.) cannot synthesize themselves and need to be obtained from food. 3. Non-essential amino acid (nonessential amino acid): Refers to an amino acid that a person (or other vertebrate) can synthesize from a simple precursor without obtaining it from food. 4. Isoelectric point (pI, isoelectric point): The pH value that makes the molecule in a facultative molecular state and does not migrate in the electric field (the molecular static charge is zero). 5, ninhydrin reaction (ninhydrin reaction): Under heating conditions, the amino acid or peptide reacts with ninhydrin to generate purple (reaction with proline to produce yellow) reaction. 6. Peptide bond: The carboxyl group of one amino acid is condensed with the amino group of another amino group to remove the amido bond formed by one molecule of water. 7. Peptide: A polymer formed by two or more amino groups covalently linked by peptide bonds. 8. Primary structure of protein (primary structure): refers to the arrangement order of covalently linked amino acid residues in protein. 9. Chromatography (chromatography): A technique to separate the mixed components according to the distribution ratio between the mobile phase and the stationary phase (which can be gas or liquid). 10. Ion exchange chromatography (ion-exchange column) uses a polymer resin or gel chromatography column with a fixed charged group 11, dialysis (dialysis): diffusion through small molecules through semi-permeable membrane to water (or buffer ) Principle, a separation and purification technology that separates small molecules from biological macromolecules. 12. Gel filtration chromatography: also called molecular exclusion chromatography. A chromatography technique that uses porous gel beads as a matrix to separate proteins or other molecular mixtures according to molecular size. 13. Affinity chromatography (affinity chromatograph): A chromatography technique that uses a chromatographic medium covalently linked to a specific ligand to separate the target protein or other molecules in the protein mixture that can specifically bind the ligand. 14. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC): A chromatographic technique that uses extremely fine particles to separate proteins or other molecular mixtures under high pressure. 15. Gel electrophoresis (gel electrophoresis): Separation and purification technology that uses gel as a medium to separate proteins or nucleic acids under the action of an electric field. 16. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE): polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate. SDS-PAGE is only separated according to the size of the molecule, not according to the size of the charge carried by the molecule. 17. Isoelectric gel electrophoresis (IFE): A special buffer (ampholyte) is used to create a pH gradient in polyacrylamide gel. During electrophoresis, each protein migrates to its isoelectric point (pI) At a certain pH, where the gradient is sufficient, there is no longer a net positive or negative charge. 18. Two-dimensional electrophorese: a combination of isoelectric gel electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE, that is, separation by isoelectric gel electrophoresis (according to pI), and then SDS-PAGE (according to molecular size separation). The electropherogram obtained by staining is a two-dimensional distribution of proteins. 19. Edman degradation: The process of determining the sequence of amino acid residues from the free N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. The N-terminal amino acid residue was modified by benzene isothiocyanate, and then the modified residue was cut from the polypeptide chain, and then identified by chromatography, and the remaining polypeptide chain (one less residue) was recovered for the next round Degradation cycle. 20, homologous protein (homologous protein): proteins with similar sequences and functions from different kinds of organisms, such as hemoglobin.
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