The IC (Integrated Circuit) card was invented by the Frenchman Roland Moreno in 1970. For the first time, he placed a programmable IC chip in a card to make the card more functional. "IC card" and "magnetic card" are names from a technical point of view, and cannot be confused with cards that are named from the application point of view such as "credit card" or "telephone card". Since the advent of the IC card, there have been many international names for it. English names include "Smart Card" and "IC Card"; in Asia, especially Hong Kong and Taiwan, they are often referred to as "smart cards", "smart cards", "smart cards", etc.; in China, they are generally referred to as "IC cards". ".
The appearance of the IC card is a piece of plastic or PVC material, usually printed with various patterns, words and numbers, called "kaki"; the insertion of a specific IC chip in the fixed position of the "kaji" becomes us. Usually called an IC card. Various types of IC cards are produced depending on the embedded chips.
The concept of the IC card was proposed in the early 1970s. The French company BULL first created IC card products in 1976 and applied this technology to various industries such as finance, transportation, medical care, and identification. The combination of microelectronics and computer technology has increased the modernization of people's lives and work.
The IC card chip has the ability to write data and store data, and the contents of the IC card memory can be conditionally provided for external reading as needed, and is used for internal information processing and determination.
As soon as the IC card appeared, it was generally welcomed with its ultra-small size, advanced integrated circuit chip technology, special security measures and the inability to be translated and copied.
The first classification method: IC cards can be divided into two categories according to the different integrated circuit chips embedded in the card, namely a memory card and a CPU card (smart card).
The memory card uses the memory chip as the card core, and only consists of "hardware", including data memory and security logic control; the smart card uses the microprocessor chip as the card core, which is composed of hardware and software, and belongs to the single-chip computer system on the card.
The second classification method: if the data is read and written according to the card, there are two types of contact type IC cards and non-contact type IC cards.
Currently widely used is a contact type IC card, the surface of which can see a square gold-plated interface, a total of eight or six gold-plated contacts for contact with the reader, through the current signal to complete reading and writing. When reading and writing operations (called card swiping), the IC card must be inserted into the reader, the reading and writing is completed, the card is automatically ejected, or it is manually extracted. The contact type IC card is relatively slow to be swiped, but the reliability is high, and it is often used for storing large amounts of information and complicated reading and writing operations.
The non-contact type IC card has the same chip technology and characteristics as the contact type IC card. The biggest difference is that the card is provided with a radio frequency signal or an infrared transceiver, and the signal of the reader/writer can be transmitted and received within a certain distance, and thus the reading and writing device There is no mechanical contact between them. A non-contact IC card with radio frequency transceiver and related circuits based on the circuit of the aforementioned IC card is referred to as a "radio frequency card" or an "RF card". Such IC cards are often used for authentication, electronic access control and the like. The information recorded on the card is simple, the reading and writing requirements are not high, and the card type changes are also large, and can be formed into a badge or the like.
Therefore, not only can store a large amount of information, it has strong security performance, and it is anti-interference, wear-free, and has a long life. Therefore, it is applied in a wide range of fields.
The third classification method: According to the application field of the IC card, it can be divided into two categories: financial card and non-financial card. Financial credit cards are the main media for the gold card project that China has vigorously built. Issued and managed by the bank. Since the cardholder's main information is recorded on the IC card, the consumer site is not necessarily required to be connected to the bank. It has great flexibility and reliability compared to a card type that records only a small amount of data such as a magnetic card.
A financial cash card is an electronic currency that a cardholder purchases in cash. Can be used multiple times, automatic billing, easy to use. For example, the payment card for water and electricity charges, gas fee card, dining card, medical card, etc. If the amount on the card is less than a certain limit, you must pay the fee again to continue using it. The application of IC cards in the financial field is mainly due to its excellent confidentiality, which can effectively prevent counterfeiting and theft.
The non-financial card is mainly used as an electronic certificate to record all aspects of the cardholder's information as identification. Such as IC card ID card, student ID card, entrance card, time card, medical certificate, accommodation card, etc. Since the IC card can record a large amount of information and can deposit in a partition, it is possible to use one card and simplify the verification process.
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