(B) Utility Value Theory
Utility theory of value is an economic theory that explains the value and its formation process from the point of view of the object's ability to satisfy one's desire or the person's subjective psychological evaluation of the utility of the object. The so-called utility refers to the ability of an item to meet people's needs. Before the 1950s, the utility value theory mainly represented the general utility theory. Since the 1970s, it mainly appeared as the marginal utility theory.
It is easy to conclude that natural resources have value by applying the utility value theory. Because natural resources are indispensable for human production and living, it is undoubtedly of great utility to humans. Since the 1970s, there has been a huge contradiction between the supply of natural resources and the demand. The shortage of natural resources has become a global problem. Intrinsic use value, material utility, and external finiteness or scarcity constitute sufficient and necessary conditions for granting natural resource prices, that is, the principles and criteria that can be used to price natural resources.
(III) Existentialism
According to utility, resources and environmental value can be regarded as use value part and non-use value part. The latter also refers to the existence value, which mainly includes the aesthetic value that can satisfy the spiritual culture and moral needs of human beings, and is closely related to the human feelings of love and attachment to nature. Both labor value theory and utility value theory do not recognize the value of items that have no use value. However, the vast majority of people engaged in environmental and resource economics research work have recognized non-use value, that is, independent of people's current use of resources. Many economists believe that neglecting this kind of value calculation in certain situations will lead to serious mistakes and misallocation of resources in the objective decision-making of natural resources. The existence value comes down to three motives: sympathy, options, and genetic information available in the future.
In the intergenerational problems of resources and environment, the existence value is of great significance. The issue of intergenerational equality is very important in sustainable development. The value that exists will become an important decision parameter in intergenerational issues. Existentialists believe that sustainable development represents a social rationality and contains an equal proposition. Cost-benefit analysis Under the market mechanism, it is possible to slip into unequal configurations of intergenerational resources and the environment. Therefore, comprehensively reflecting the value orientation of members of society is an important prerequisite for building sustainable development policies. The measurement of the value of existence is one of the important components of the value of resources. The normative economics centered on individual rationality and efficiency cannot give a theoretical foundation for existence value. It cannot be considered that the existence of value is not important. On the contrary, it can only prove that the theoretical basis of the normative economics of benefit-cost analysis is flawed.
Under the concept of sustainable development, the existential value theory of resource and environment is increasingly popular. It is controversial among Western environmental economists. Opponents believe that the use value and existence value can not coexist at the same time, and the development and use of certain environmental resources has achieved the use value. This resource cannot be used for “future use†and there is no existence value. The proponents think that from the overall perspective of environmental resources, the two are not contradictory, especially those unique ecosystems should be permanently retained. The controversial object also has the value of choice. Due to the effects of risks and uncertainties, the value of the choice is difficult to determine. If the demand for environmental resources is certain and the supply is uncertain, the value of the choice is positive; in the case of a certain supply of environmental resources in the future, if As the future income uncertainties make future demands for the environment uncertain, the value of the selection may be negative for the risk avoider, and the value of the choice is difficult to obtain if the future demand is uncertain due to the uncertainty of the time preference. . In addition, there is a possibility of double counting between the components that make up the total economic value.
Third, sustainable development of environmental values
The traditional concept of development is a purely economic development concept. It unilaterally pursues the growth rate and uses the gross national product and national income as the main indicators to measure the social development level of a country. Obviously, this development concept confuses economic growth with social development. It is based on the development and use of the natural world. It is based on the consumption of large amounts of natural resources and energy. This makes the natural world overwhelmed and suffers. With increasing pressure. However, humans have neglected the protection of the natural ecological environment on which they depend for their survival and development. The traditional development concept and the "consumer enjoyment" lifestyle are also linked. The "consumer enjoyment" lifestyle is common in capitalist countries. The main characteristics of the capitalist lifestyle are: Work is about earning money, and earning money is about living a good life and having fun. "Playing desperately and playing desperately" has become the fashion of people's lives. Making more money means more consumption and more enjoyment.
Since the 1980s, with the widespread dissemination of the idea of ​​sustainable development, more and more environmental economists have conducted in-depth discussions on the economic value of environmental resources and proposed many new concepts of environmental value. Among them, the concept proposed by DW Pearce is more representative. In his opinion, the total economic value of environmental resources consists of use value and non-use value. The following can be divided into direct use value and indirect use value. (indirect use value), option value, and existence value are four components. Direct use value refers to the value of environmental resources that directly meet people's production and consumption needs. Taking forests as an example, wood, medicine, recreation, plant genes, education, and human settlements are all direct uses of forests. Indirect use value refers to the indirect benefits people obtain from environmental resources. It is similar to ecological service functions in ecology. For example, the functions of water conservation, soil and water conservation, air purification, and climate regulation of forests are indirect use value categories. Although they do not directly enter the production and consumption process, they are necessary conditions for normal production and consumption. Choice value refers to the amount people are willing to pay to save or protect an environmental resource for future use. As a forest, once it is developed and used as a city or industrial and mining land, it will not have the possibility of being used for other purposes in the future. Existential value has nothing to do with current use or future use. It is the amount of money people are willing to pay for the existence of an environmental resource and represents a moral judgment on the value of environmental resources, including human sympathy and concern for other species. . For example, people are emotionally difficult to accept the loss of traditional culture contained in environmental resources and the extinction of various unique ecosystems [6].
Utility theory of value is an economic theory that explains the value and its formation process from the point of view of the object's ability to satisfy one's desire or the person's subjective psychological evaluation of the utility of the object. The so-called utility refers to the ability of an item to meet people's needs. Before the 1950s, the utility value theory mainly represented the general utility theory. Since the 1970s, it mainly appeared as the marginal utility theory.
It is easy to conclude that natural resources have value by applying the utility value theory. Because natural resources are indispensable for human production and living, it is undoubtedly of great utility to humans. Since the 1970s, there has been a huge contradiction between the supply of natural resources and the demand. The shortage of natural resources has become a global problem. Intrinsic use value, material utility, and external finiteness or scarcity constitute sufficient and necessary conditions for granting natural resource prices, that is, the principles and criteria that can be used to price natural resources.
(III) Existentialism
According to utility, resources and environmental value can be regarded as use value part and non-use value part. The latter also refers to the existence value, which mainly includes the aesthetic value that can satisfy the spiritual culture and moral needs of human beings, and is closely related to the human feelings of love and attachment to nature. Both labor value theory and utility value theory do not recognize the value of items that have no use value. However, the vast majority of people engaged in environmental and resource economics research work have recognized non-use value, that is, independent of people's current use of resources. Many economists believe that neglecting this kind of value calculation in certain situations will lead to serious mistakes and misallocation of resources in the objective decision-making of natural resources. The existence value comes down to three motives: sympathy, options, and genetic information available in the future.
In the intergenerational problems of resources and environment, the existence value is of great significance. The issue of intergenerational equality is very important in sustainable development. The value that exists will become an important decision parameter in intergenerational issues. Existentialists believe that sustainable development represents a social rationality and contains an equal proposition. Cost-benefit analysis Under the market mechanism, it is possible to slip into unequal configurations of intergenerational resources and the environment. Therefore, comprehensively reflecting the value orientation of members of society is an important prerequisite for building sustainable development policies. The measurement of the value of existence is one of the important components of the value of resources. The normative economics centered on individual rationality and efficiency cannot give a theoretical foundation for existence value. It cannot be considered that the existence of value is not important. On the contrary, it can only prove that the theoretical basis of the normative economics of benefit-cost analysis is flawed.
Under the concept of sustainable development, the existential value theory of resource and environment is increasingly popular. It is controversial among Western environmental economists. Opponents believe that the use value and existence value can not coexist at the same time, and the development and use of certain environmental resources has achieved the use value. This resource cannot be used for “future use†and there is no existence value. The proponents think that from the overall perspective of environmental resources, the two are not contradictory, especially those unique ecosystems should be permanently retained. The controversial object also has the value of choice. Due to the effects of risks and uncertainties, the value of the choice is difficult to determine. If the demand for environmental resources is certain and the supply is uncertain, the value of the choice is positive; in the case of a certain supply of environmental resources in the future, if As the future income uncertainties make future demands for the environment uncertain, the value of the selection may be negative for the risk avoider, and the value of the choice is difficult to obtain if the future demand is uncertain due to the uncertainty of the time preference. . In addition, there is a possibility of double counting between the components that make up the total economic value.
Third, sustainable development of environmental values
The traditional concept of development is a purely economic development concept. It unilaterally pursues the growth rate and uses the gross national product and national income as the main indicators to measure the social development level of a country. Obviously, this development concept confuses economic growth with social development. It is based on the development and use of the natural world. It is based on the consumption of large amounts of natural resources and energy. This makes the natural world overwhelmed and suffers. With increasing pressure. However, humans have neglected the protection of the natural ecological environment on which they depend for their survival and development. The traditional development concept and the "consumer enjoyment" lifestyle are also linked. The "consumer enjoyment" lifestyle is common in capitalist countries. The main characteristics of the capitalist lifestyle are: Work is about earning money, and earning money is about living a good life and having fun. "Playing desperately and playing desperately" has become the fashion of people's lives. Making more money means more consumption and more enjoyment.
Since the 1980s, with the widespread dissemination of the idea of ​​sustainable development, more and more environmental economists have conducted in-depth discussions on the economic value of environmental resources and proposed many new concepts of environmental value. Among them, the concept proposed by DW Pearce is more representative. In his opinion, the total economic value of environmental resources consists of use value and non-use value. The following can be divided into direct use value and indirect use value. (indirect use value), option value, and existence value are four components. Direct use value refers to the value of environmental resources that directly meet people's production and consumption needs. Taking forests as an example, wood, medicine, recreation, plant genes, education, and human settlements are all direct uses of forests. Indirect use value refers to the indirect benefits people obtain from environmental resources. It is similar to ecological service functions in ecology. For example, the functions of water conservation, soil and water conservation, air purification, and climate regulation of forests are indirect use value categories. Although they do not directly enter the production and consumption process, they are necessary conditions for normal production and consumption. Choice value refers to the amount people are willing to pay to save or protect an environmental resource for future use. As a forest, once it is developed and used as a city or industrial and mining land, it will not have the possibility of being used for other purposes in the future. Existential value has nothing to do with current use or future use. It is the amount of money people are willing to pay for the existence of an environmental resource and represents a moral judgment on the value of environmental resources, including human sympathy and concern for other species. . For example, people are emotionally difficult to accept the loss of traditional culture contained in environmental resources and the extinction of various unique ecosystems [6].
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