An international team of researchers sequenced and analyzed the genome of the elephant shark. Comparing it with the genomes of humans and other vertebrates reveals why shark skeletons are mainly composed of cartilage, unlike human skeletons, and the immune system of sharks is much simpler than humans s reason. Byrappa Venkatesh and his colleagues published the results of these studies in the latest issue of Nature.
By analyzing the immune system, the researchers unexpectedly discovered that sharks do not seem to have a special cell type called T-helper lymphocytes. Until now, it is believed that helper T lymphocytes in vertebrates resist Viral / bacterial infections and prevention of autoimmune reactions such as diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis play a vital role.
Although the structure of the shark's immune system seems primitive, it shows strong immune defense capabilities and longevity. Thomas Boehm, co-author of the paper and director of the Max Planck Institute for Immunobiology and Epigenetics in Germany, said: "The structure of the basking shark immune system is very different from that of mammals. Obviously, there is no such special The cell type shark can also effectively respond to various types of infections. This shows that it is natural to provide different solutions to the same problem. "
When helper T cells in AIDS patients are destroyed, they will die from viral and bacterial infections. Until now, it has been thought that these cells are essential for the immune system. The new research results have challenged people's long-term cognition and opened an unprecedented way to develop non-intuitive strategies to regulate human immune function.
The researchers also investigated why cartilage fish, including basking sharks, cannot replace bone with cartilage like humans and other bony vertebrates. The results of the genome analysis clarify that sharks lack a gene family that is present in all bony vertebrates, and this gene family is essential for bone formation. When the researchers inactivated these genes in bony fish such as zebrafish, they found that calcification did not occur. The results of this study strongly suggest that the gene family studied may be a starting point for a better understanding of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
In addition, the study revealed that the Basking Shark genome is the slowest evolution of all vertebrates. The basking shark even defeated recent studies that proved to be extremely slow to evolve, known as "living fossils". Therefore, the basking shark may be the best representative of all ancestors of jawed vertebrates that went extinct a long time ago.
Cartilaginous fish, including sharks, rays, and silver mackerels, are the oldest group of jawed vertebrates in existence, which diverged from bony vertebrates about 450 million years ago. The basking shark is a temperate zone inhabiting the continental shelf along southern Australia and New Zealand at a depth of 200-500 meters. Among the approximately 1,000 cartilaginous fish species, the Basking Shark was chosen as the model because its genome is relatively compact, only one-third the size of the human genome.
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