Electrochemistry is the science that studies the relationship between electricity and chemical reactions.
The interaction of electricity and chemical reaction can be completed by a battery or by high-voltage electrostatic discharge. The two are collectively called electrochemistry, and the latter is a branch of electrochemistry, called discharge chemistry. Therefore, electrochemistry often refers to "the science of batteries". The battery is composed of two electrodes and the electrolyte between the electrodes, so the research content of electrochemistry should include two aspects:
One is the study of electrolytes, that is, electrochemistry, which includes the conductive properties of electrolytes, the transport properties of ions, and the equilibrium properties of participating ions. The physical and chemical studies of electrolyte solutions are often called electrolyte solution theory; Research, ie, electrology, includes the equilibrium properties of the electrode and the polarization properties after energization, that is, the electrochemical behavior at the interface of the electrode and the electrolyte. Electrolyte and electrode studies will involve chemical thermodynamics, chemical kinetics and material structure.
In 1791, Galvani published the "animal electricity" phenomenon in which metal can make frog leg muscles contract, which is generally considered to be the origin of electrochemistry. In 1799, Volta invented the "pile" composed of different metal sheets and wet paper based on the work of Galvani, which is now called the "voltaic pile". This is the prototype of the chemical power supply. Before the invention of DC motors, various chemical power supplies were the only ones that could provide a constant current. The discovery of Faraday's Law of Electrolysis in 1834 laid a quantitative foundation for electrochemistry. In the second half of the 19th century, after the work of Helmholtz and Gibbs, the "charging power" (now called "electromotive force") of the battery was given a clear thermodynamic meaning; in 1889 Nernst used thermodynamics to derive participation The relationship between the substance concentration of the electrode reaction and the electrode potential, that is, the famous Nernst formula; in 1923, Debye and Hucker proposed the generally accepted theory of dilute solution of strong electrolytes, which greatly promoted the theoretical discussion and experimental methods of electrochemistry Development.
After the 1940s, the application and development of electrochemical transient technology, the combination of electrochemical methods and optical and surface technology, allows people to study fast and complex electrode reactions, which can provide molecular information on the electrode interface. Electrochemistry has always been a relatively active branch of physical chemistry. Its development and the development of solid physics, catalysis, life science and other disciplines promote and penetrate each other. Among the many branches of physical chemistry, electrochemistry is the only discipline based on large industries. Its applications are mainly: the electrolysis industry, in which the chlor-alkali industry is the inorganic basic industry after ammonia and sulfuric acid; the smelting of light metals such as aluminum and sodium, and the refining of copper and zinc are also using the electrolysis method; the machinery industry Use electroplating, electro-polishing, electrophoretic painting, etc. to complete the surface finish of the parts; environmental protection can use electrodialysis to remove cyanide, chromium ions and other pollutants; chemical power supply; metal corrosion protection, most metal corrosion is Electrochemical corrosion problem; many life phenomena such as muscle movement and nerve information transmission involve electrochemical mechanism. Various electrochemical analysis methods developed based on the principles of electrochemistry have become indispensable means for laboratory and industrial monitoring.
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